Stop including <uchar.h>, and instead map Rust char to uint32_t.

This is technically a breaking change for C++, unfortunately.

Fixes #423.

src/bindgen/bindings.rs

@@ -167,8 +167,6 @@ impl Bindings {
                 out.new_line();
                 out.write("#include <stdlib.h>");
                 out.new_line();
-                out.write("#include <uchar.h>");
-                out.new_line();
             } else {
                 out.write("#include <cstdarg>");
                 out.new_line();

src/bindgen/ir/ty.rs

@@ -132,7 +132,15 @@ impl PrimitiveType {
             PrimitiveType::Char => "char",
             PrimitiveType::SChar => "signed char",
             PrimitiveType::UChar => "unsigned char",
-            PrimitiveType::Char32 => "char32_t",
+            // NOTE: It'd be nice to use a char32_t, but:
+            //
+            //  * uchar.h is not present on mac (see #423).
+            //
+            //  * char32_t isn't required to be compatible with Rust's char, as
+            //    the C++ spec only requires it to be the same size as
+            //    uint_least32_t, which is _not_ guaranteed to be 4-bytes.
+            //
+            PrimitiveType::Char32 => "uint32_t",
             PrimitiveType::Short => "short",
             PrimitiveType::Int => "int",
             PrimitiveType::Long => "long",

tests/expectations/alias.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum Status {
   Ok,

tests/expectations/alias.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum Status
 #ifdef __cplusplus

tests/expectations/annotation.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum C {
   X = 2,

tests/expectations/annotation.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum C
 #ifdef __cplusplus

tests/expectations/array.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef enum {
   A,

tests/expectations/array.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef enum {
   A,

tests/expectations/asserted-cast.c

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct I I;
 

tests/expectations/asserted-cast.compat.c

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct I I;
 

tests/expectations/assoc_const_conflict.c

@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #define Foo_FOO 42

tests/expectations/assoc_const_conflict.compat.c

@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #define Foo_FOO 42

tests/expectations/assoc_constant.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct {
 

tests/expectations/assoc_constant.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct {
 

tests/expectations/associated_in_body.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * Constants shared by multiple CSS Box Alignment properties

tests/expectations/associated_in_body.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * Constants shared by multiple CSS Box Alignment properties

tests/expectations/bitflags.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * Constants shared by multiple CSS Box Alignment properties

tests/expectations/bitflags.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * Constants shared by multiple CSS Box Alignment properties

tests/expectations/body.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef enum {
   Foo1,

tests/expectations/body.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef enum {
   Foo1,

tests/expectations/both/alias.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum Status {
   Ok,

tests/expectations/both/alias.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum Status
 #ifdef __cplusplus

tests/expectations/both/annotation.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum C {
   X = 2,

tests/expectations/both/annotation.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum C
 #ifdef __cplusplus

tests/expectations/both/array.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef enum Foo_Tag {
   A,

tests/expectations/both/array.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef enum Foo_Tag {
   A,

tests/expectations/both/asserted-cast.c

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct I I;
 

tests/expectations/both/asserted-cast.compat.c

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct I I;
 

tests/expectations/both/assoc_const_conflict.c

@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #define Foo_FOO 42

tests/expectations/both/assoc_const_conflict.compat.c

@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #define Foo_FOO 42

tests/expectations/both/assoc_constant.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/assoc_constant.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/associated_in_body.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * Constants shared by multiple CSS Box Alignment properties

tests/expectations/both/associated_in_body.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * Constants shared by multiple CSS Box Alignment properties

tests/expectations/both/bitflags.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * Constants shared by multiple CSS Box Alignment properties

tests/expectations/both/bitflags.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * Constants shared by multiple CSS Box Alignment properties

tests/expectations/both/body.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef enum MyCLikeEnum {
   Foo1,

tests/expectations/both/body.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef enum MyCLikeEnum {
   Foo1,

tests/expectations/both/cdecl.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef void (*A)();
 

tests/expectations/both/cdecl.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef void (*A)();
 

tests/expectations/both/cfg-2.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #if defined(NOT_DEFINED)
 #define DEFAULT_X 8

tests/expectations/both/cfg-2.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #if defined(NOT_DEFINED)
 #define DEFAULT_X 8

tests/expectations/both/cfg-field.c

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>

tests/expectations/both/cfg-field.compat.c

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>

tests/expectations/both/cfg.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #if (defined(PLATFORM_WIN) || defined(M_32))
 enum BarType {

tests/expectations/both/cfg.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #if (defined(PLATFORM_WIN) || defined(M_32))
 enum BarType

tests/expectations/both/char.c

@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
-  char32_t a;
+  uint32_t a;
 } Foo;
 
 void root(Foo a);

tests/expectations/both/char.compat.c

@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
-  char32_t a;
+  uint32_t a;
 } Foo;
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus

tests/expectations/both/const_conflict.c

@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #define Foo_FOO 42

tests/expectations/both/const_conflict.compat.c

@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #define Foo_FOO 42

tests/expectations/both/const_transparent.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef uint8_t Transparent;
 

tests/expectations/both/const_transparent.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef uint8_t Transparent;
 

tests/expectations/both/constant.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #define DELIMITER ':'
 

tests/expectations/both/constant.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #define DELIMITER ':'
 

tests/expectations/both/derive-eq.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
   bool a;

tests/expectations/both/derive-eq.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
   bool a;

tests/expectations/both/destructor-and-copy-ctor.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum FillRule {
   A,

tests/expectations/both/destructor-and-copy-ctor.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum FillRule
 #ifdef __cplusplus

tests/expectations/both/display_list.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Rect {
   float x;

tests/expectations/both/display_list.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Rect {
   float x;

tests/expectations/both/docstyle_auto.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * The root of all evil.

tests/expectations/both/docstyle_auto.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {

tests/expectations/both/docstyle_c99.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 // The root of all evil.
 void root(void);

tests/expectations/both/docstyle_c99.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {

tests/expectations/both/docstyle_doxy.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * The root of all evil.

tests/expectations/both/docstyle_doxy.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {

tests/expectations/both/documentation.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 /**
  * The root of all evil.

tests/expectations/both/documentation.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {

tests/expectations/both/enum.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum A {
   a1 = 0,

tests/expectations/both/enum.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum A
 #ifdef __cplusplus

tests/expectations/both/euclid.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct TypedLength_f32__UnknownUnit {
   float _0;

tests/expectations/both/euclid.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct TypedLength_f32__UnknownUnit {
   float _0;

tests/expectations/both/expand.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/expand.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/expand_default_features.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/expand_default_features.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/expand_dep.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct dep_struct {
   uint32_t x;

tests/expectations/both/expand_dep.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct dep_struct {
   uint32_t x;

tests/expectations/both/expand_features.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/expand_features.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/expand_no_default_features.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/expand_no_default_features.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
 

tests/expectations/both/extern-2.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 void first(void);
 

tests/expectations/both/extern-2.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {

tests/expectations/both/extern.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Normal {
   int32_t x;

tests/expectations/both/extern.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Normal {
   int32_t x;

tests/expectations/both/external_workspace_child.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct ExtType {
   uint32_t data;

tests/expectations/both/external_workspace_child.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct ExtType {
   uint32_t data;

tests/expectations/both/fns.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Fns {
   void (*noArgs)();

tests/expectations/both/fns.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Fns {
   void (*noArgs)();

tests/expectations/both/global_attr.c

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>

tests/expectations/both/global_attr.compat.c

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>

tests/expectations/both/include.c

@@ -2,5 +2,4 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 #include <math.h>

tests/expectations/both/include.compat.c

@@ -2,5 +2,4 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 #include <math.h>

tests/expectations/both/include_item.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct A {
   int32_t x;

tests/expectations/both/include_item.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct A {
   int32_t x;

tests/expectations/both/inner_mod.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
   float x;

tests/expectations/both/inner_mod.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 typedef struct Foo {
   float x;

tests/expectations/both/item_types.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum OnlyThisShouldBeGenerated {
   Foo,

tests/expectations/both/item_types.compat.c

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <uchar.h>
 
 enum OnlyThisShouldBeGenerated
 #ifdef __cplusplus